Potencijal biomase iz poljoprivrede - slučaj Slovačke i Srbije - deo 1

The natural resources (oil, coal, natural gas) are insufficient to satisfy the needs of the people for electric and heating energy because sources of fossil fuels are limited. Emission of large quantities of carbon-dioxide into the atmosphere, in the course of combustion processes of solid and liquid fuels have been disrupting the environment. The future lies in the renewable energy sources (RES) surrounding us. The rapid rise of crude oil prices in the early 70-ies of 20th Century focused global attention to the need for efficient use and finding new sources of energy. In addition, energy consumption is growing dramatically in developed countries. EIA expects that demand for energy will grow by 56% between 2010 and 2040 (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016). In order to overcome the problems caused by the constant rise in the global population, rapid exploitation of many natural resources, increase of pollution and climate change, the World and Europe must radically change their approach to the production, processing, consumption, storage, recycling and disposal of biological wastes. European 2020 strategy indicates bioeconomy as a key element for sustainable and 'green' development in the region (European Commission, 2012). Bioeconomy includes sustainable production of renewable biological resources and their conversion into food, biofuels, bioenergy and bioproducts (eg. bioplastics, biopesticides, etc.). It includes agriculture, forestry, fisheries, food and paper production, as well as part of the chemical, biotechnological and energy industries. Agriculture is a major consumer but also can become energy producer. Bearing in mind the amount of biomass produced, and the possibilities for its utilization, the negligible amount of biomass that is currently used as an energy source. An important feature is that biomass combustion is not an increased content of CO2 in the atmosphere, as the ecological point of view is very important. The necessity of integrated approach to the biomass policy is given special importance. Biomass is preferred to other sources of renewable energy, due to the increase in the alternative sources of income it provides to the farmers, and the development of the regional economic structures. It is expected that throughout Europe a new 'energy producing' division of agriculture is about to unfold, which, in close cooperation with the energy producing and service providing sections of the national economy, may greatly contribute to the reduction of the energy shortage, while finding new sources of income. Usage of biomass, which is mostly the agricultural waste, would reduce demand of the country for import of fuels, would promote environment protection, and the economy would prosper, which would contribute to the sustainable development of society. At this study the sources of biomass and its potential will be described, as well as energy from agricultural biomass, with special emphasis on the situation and potential of Slovakia and Serbia in biomass. The possibilities of the use of alternative renewable energy sources were considered, such as biodiesel, biogas and bioethanol. Also the opportunities for development and implementation of the second, third and fourth generation biofuels are listed. The study included both positive and negative impacts of the production and use of renewable energy from agricultural biomass (biofuels) compared to the fossil fuels

Agriculture Biomass: its potential in Slovakia and Serbia

The natural resources (oil, coal, natural gas) are insufficient to satisfy the needs of the people for electric and heating energy because sources of fossil fuels are limited. Emission of large quantities of carbon-dioxide into the atmosphere, in the course of combustion processes of solid and liquid fuels have been disrupting the environment. The future lies in the renewable energy sources (RES) surrounding us. The rapid rise of crude oil prices in the early 70-ies of 20th Century focused global attention to the need for efficient use and finding new sources of energy. In addition, energy consumption is growing dramatically in developed countries. EIA expects that demand for energy will grow by 56% between 2010 and 2040 (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016). In order to overcome the problems caused by the constant rise in the global population, rapid exploitation of many natural resources, increase of pollution and climate change, the World and Europe must radically change their approach to the production, processing, consumption, storage, recycling and disposal of biological wastes. European 2020 strategy indicates bioeconomy as a key element for sustainable and "green" development in the region (European Commission, 2012). Bioeconomy includes sustainable production of renewable biological resources and their conversion into food, biofuels, bioenergy and bioproducts (eg. bioplastics, biopesticides, etc.). It includes agriculture, forestry, fisheries, food and paper production, as well as part of the chemical, biotechnological and energy industries. Agriculture is a major consumer but also can become energy producer. Bearing in mind the amount of biomass produced, and the possibilities for its utilization, the negligible amount of biomass that is currently used as an energy source. An important feature is that biomass combustion is not an increased content of CO2 in the atmosphere, as the ecological point of view is very important. The necessity of integrated approach to the biomass policy is given special importance. Biomass is preferred to other sources of renewable energy, due to the increase in the alternative sources of income it provides to the farmers, and the development of the regional economic structures. It is expected that throughout Europe a new “energy producing” division of agriculture is about to unfold, which, in close cooperation with the energy producing and service providing sections of the national economy, may greatly contribute to the reduction of the energy shortage, while finding new sources of income. Usage of biomass, which is mostly the agricultural waste, would reduce demand of the country for import of fuels, would promote environment protection, and the economy would prosper, which would contribute to the sustainable development of society. At this study the sources of biomass and its potential will be described, as well as energy from agricultural biomass, with special emphasis on the situation and potential of Slovakia and Serbia in biomass. The possibilities of the use of alternative renewable energy sources were considered, such as biodiesel, biogas and bioethanol. Also the opportunities for development and implementation of the second, third and fourth generation biofuels are listed. The study included both positive and negative impacts of the production and use of renewable energy from agricultural biomass (biofuels) compared to the fossil fuels

EUROPEAN PROJECTS AS A TOOL FOR IMPROVING FARMERS SKILLS VIA MODERN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

This article presents European projects with the main focus on the improving the skills and competitiveness of farmers by modern information and communication technologies and e-learning methods. Two projects – AVARES - Enhance attractiveness of renewable energy training by virtual reality and NewCAP - New European Standards in the Context of Reformed EU Common Agricultural Policy are projects under the Leonardo da Vinci Transfer ofInnovation grant scheme. They try to present new way of vocational education and training in the agrosector. The main aim of the AVARES project is to develop the multimedia learning materials for vocational education and training in the field of agricultural and rural development and application of modern information and communication technologies into vocational education and training. The emphasis is put on the application of modern ICT equipment and technologies, with the main focus on the Virtual reality, 3D visual display and e - learning 2.0 methods. New programming period 2014 – 2020 will bring significant changes within the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) which will have a serious impact on economy especially of larger beneficiaries. The „NewCAP“ project aiming at preparation of actors in rural areas to take the proposed changes in the policy through interactive educational programme

Possibilities for reduction of energy consumption by replacing public lighting with LED lighting: Case study of Priboj municipality

Electric energy consumed by the public lighting represents a significant item in the city public sector energy consumption structure, which includes public buildings, public transportation and public lighting. Public lighting system is one of the most important public utility activities which is under control of local governments, which pay the costs of electricity, as well as maintenance costs. Public lighting affects the quality of life of citizens in cities through, among other things, reduction of traffic accidents by up to 35%, personal safety and reduction of social approaches. Cities and municipalities in Serbia are predominately using sodium and mercury bulbs for public lighting, but have been gradually replacing them with LED bulbs in the recent years. LED technology is a satisfactory, cost-effective solution due to low energy consumption, long service life, reduced investment and maintenance costs. Thus, there is not only a reduction in energy consumption of up to 70%, but also a large reduction in CO2 emissions. The modernization of the public lighting system is, in addition to being a useful means of achieving significant energy savings, also a means of improving the quality of lighting itself. The paper shows how much it is possible to reduce electricity consumption, and thus CO2 emissions, by replacing existing lighting with LED lighting. There are 2530 light bulbs in the public lighting system of the municipality of Priboj. Until recently, mercury high pressure bulbs dominated - there were 1241 of them, compared to 743 sodium ones and 546 LED lamps. After the reconstruction of public lighting, all light bulbs are LED. The paper compares the consumption of electricity for the four months of 2019 and the same four months of 2020. It is shown that electricity consumption for these four months was reduced by an average of 55%, the average reduction in CO2 emissions was 55%, while the reduction in electricity costs was an average of 58%.Publishe

Stohastički generator za simulaciju vetra u realnom vremenu

In nature, wind is considered to be a stochastic attribute of weather, whose momentary speed and direction are easily measureable, but extremely hard or nearly impossible to predict. Wind simulation is used in many fields of computer processing and modeling. Our stochastic generator is primary designed for use in wind modeling in the simulations of irrigation processes. In real world there is an event, rather a movement that is generally considered to be unable to predict - a flight of a real object. In real conditions, every object thrown in any direction, other than straight down, moves along a ballistic curve. Our method is based on simulating the flight of high number of objects and collisions between them. Collisions are implemented for two main reasons - to move objects in a bounded finite space when collisions with borders are implemented, and to change the objects' directions at a time of a collision to make objects to stay in space.U prirodi se vetar smatra stohastičkim atributom vremena, čiji se trenutni brzina i smer mogu lako izmeriti, ali ih je veoma teško ili gotovo nemoguće predvideti. Simulacija vetra se koristi u mnogim oblastima računarske obrade i modeliranja. Naš stohastički generator je primarno konstruisan za upotrebu u modeliranju vetra u simulacijama postupaka navodnjavanja. U stvarnom svetu postoji jedan događaj, ili bolje pokret koji smatra da je nemoguće predviđanje leta realnog objekta. U stvarnim uslovima, svaki predmet bačen u bilo kom smeru, izuzev pravo dole, kreće se po balističkoj krivoj. Naš metod se zasniva na simulaciji leta velikog broja objekata i njihovih međusobnih sudara. Sudari su uvršteni iz dva glavna razloga – da pomeraju objekte u ograničenom konačnom prostoru kada su uvršteni sudari sa granicama, i da menjaju smerove objekata u vreme sudara da bi objekti ostali u prostoru

The use of CPC theory for energy description of two nonlinear receivers

The article concerns a mathematical description of electric power in the case of two nonlinear receivers connected to a common supply network. This description was made on the basis of the fundamental CPC (Currents' Physical Components) power theory. This theory was developed for one nonlinear receiver. In the case of two nonlinear receivers of the same type, i.e. when the harmonics generated by them are created equal, the CPC theory requires some modification. This issue is important when it is necessary to determine the components of currents in an energy system supplying two nonlinear receivers

Tempus project "building capacity of Serbian agricultural education to link with society" (casa) - a tool for knowledge transfer in livestock breeding

In Serbia there is a lack of courses for professional development of teachers from agricultural secondary schools, particularly courses in animal sciences. There is also a need of permanent upgrading of courses created for advisors in agricultural advisory services. The TEMPUS CaSA project objective is to contribute to the improvement of agricultural education, particularly in-service training and LLL to meet the needs of Serbian society. The project will upgrade quality and availability of vocational agricultural education by strengthening professional and pedagogical competences of educators (University teachers, secondary school teachers, advisors). CaSA foresees creation of the virtual repository for courses and additional contents important for agricultural education - the National Repository for Agricultural Education (NaRA). NaRA will enable networking of all stakeholders in agricultural education and assure sustainability. Among 13 project partners, the Ministry of education is a compulsory partner for Structural Measures TEMPUS projects. This is important for recognition of the National repository by relevant state authorities. Online courses and teaching material, live stream trainings, results from the research projects, and different data bases will be available in NaRA after project life-time

Energetska produktivnost fotonaponskih ćelija u Nitri

This contribution is oriented to measurement and evaluation of the obtained energy from photovoltaic cells efficiency in practice conditions. Photovoltaic cells were monitored during one year in Nitra, Slovakia. Cells are monocrystalline with surface 1.95 m2 and in full measurement time are directed perpendicular to the sun rays. Tracking and stationary systems were used for results evaluation. Six cells per system are used in the combined serial-parallel connection. Output energy from both systems is 496.257 kWh. Price of obtained energy is 69.48 EUR for actual price of electric energy, which is 0.14 EUR per kWh. The output power of the photovoltaic tracking system was higher by 20.39% opposite to stationary system.Ovaj rad se bavi merenjem i ocenom efikasnosti dobijene energije iz fotonaponskih ćelija u praktičnim uslovima. Fotonaponske ćelije su bile praćene tokom jedne godine u Nitri, Slovačka. Ćelije su monokristalne, površine 1.95 m2 i tokom punog merenja usmerene upravno na sunčeve zrake. Za ocenu rezultata su korišćeni praćenje i stacionarni sistemi. Šest ćelija po sistemu su upotrebljene u kombinovanoj serijskoparalelnoj vezi. Izlazna energija iz oba sistema je 496.257 kWh. Cena dobijene energije iznosi 69.48 EUR po trenutnoj ceni električne energije, što je 0.14 EUR za 1kWh. Izlazna snaga fotonaponskog sistema praćenja bio je viši za 20.39% u poređenju sa stacionarnim sistemom

Apiterapija : vadovas

Ši knyga, pateikiant naujausius mokslinius įrodymus, patvirtina, kad bičių produktai, ypač propolis, atlikus jų mokslinius tyrimus, sėkmingai naudojami kai kurioms ligoms gydyti. Turkijoje priėmus „Tradicinės ir papildomosios medicinos praktikos reglamentą“, išaugs susidomėjimas bičių produktų naudojimu maistui ir sveikatai stiprinti. Vis dėlto reikia atsiminti, kad, norint perdirbti visus bičių produktus ir ypač juos naudoti sveikatos srityje, pirmiausia reikia kompetentingų, žinių turinčių ir išmanančių bitininkų. Tikiuosi, kad ši knyga, parašyta paprastu ir suprantamu stiliumi, paremta su apiterapija ES susijusio projekto, kuriame dalyvavo mokslininkai iš Turkijos, Lenkijos, Lietuvos ir Slovakijos, patirtimi, bus naudinga mėgstantiems skaityti ir ieškotiMiškų ir ekologijos fakultetasVytauto Didžiojo universiteta